Cholera is a potentially life-threatening infection that can cause severe diarrhoea, vomiting and rapid dehydration. Recognising the warning signs early and seeking medical attention immediately can help save lives.
For families in Zambia, understanding how cholera spreads, how to reduce the risk of infection and what to do when symptoms appear is particularly important during periods of increased public health concern.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. People usually become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with the bacteria. The illness can progress rapidly, and severe cases can become fatal within hours if treatment is delayed.
What are the common symptoms of cholera?
One of the main warning signs is sudden, profuse watery diarrhoea. In some cases, the stool may resemble water in which rice has been washed.
Other symptoms can include vomiting, leg cramps and unusual weakness.
Not everyone infected with cholera develops severe symptoms. However, a person with severe diarrhoea can lose large amounts of water and essential salts in a short period, putting them at risk of dehydration.
Signs of dehydration include intense thirst, weakness, sunken eyes, dizziness and reduced skin elasticity. In severe cases, a person may become confused, unusually drowsy or unable to drink enough fluids.
Young children, older people and individuals with other health problems may be particularly vulnerable to serious complications.
When should you seek medical attention?
Anyone experiencing profuse watery diarrhoea, particularly when accompanied by vomiting or signs of dehydration, should seek medical care immediately.
Do not wait for symptoms to become severe before visiting a health facility. Cholera can progress quickly, and early treatment is critical.
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While arranging medical care, start giving oral rehydration solution (ORS) if the person is conscious and able to drink. Use a commercially prepared ORS sachet mixed with the exact amount of safe water stated on the packet. Do not delay seeking medical attention while preparing fluids.
People who cannot keep fluids down, are extremely weak, become confused or are unable to drink need urgent medical assistance.
How can families prevent cholera?
Cholera prevention begins with safe water, proper sanitation and good hygiene practices.
Families should drink water from safe sources or treat water using an appropriate method. Water should be stored in clean, covered containers to reduce the risk of contamination.
Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and safe water after using the toilet, after cleaning a child and before preparing or eating food.
Food should be cooked thoroughly and protected from flies, dust and other sources of contamination. Fruits and vegetables should be washed with safe water, and toilets and other sanitation facilities should be kept clean.
Communities also play an important role by reporting suspected cases promptly and supporting public health measures intended to prevent further transmission.
Can cholera be treated?
Yes. Cholera is treatable, and prompt replacement of fluids and salts is the most important part of treatment.
Many patients can recover with oral rehydration solution, while people with severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids and additional treatment at a health facility. Antibiotics may be prescribed in selected severe cases by healthcare professionals.
People should not attempt to treat severe suspected cholera at home or take antibiotics without medical advice.
Vaccination may also form part of outbreak prevention and control measures. Residents should follow current guidance from health authorities regarding vaccine eligibility and availability.
The message for Zambian families
Cholera should never be dismissed as an ordinary stomach upset when severe watery diarrhoea or dehydration is present. Acting quickly can make a critical difference.
Using safe water, washing hands, practising food hygiene and seeking treatment early remain important ways to protect households and communities.
Source: World Health Organization (WHO), Cholera fact sheet and Cholera Outbreaks guidance, updated September 29, 2026.
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